The eighth chapter of the Guild System Act (violations and penalties), plays a very important role in the regulation of small and medium businesses. An optimal act can increase the likelihood of compromise between parties and better compensate consumer, in addition to deterring potential violators from committing the offense. This can lead to a fair distribution of wealth and lower social cost. Examination of these regulations shows that the Guild System Act has not have proper procedure in detecting, investigating and imposing the necessary enforcement. Due to the low value of business litigation, likelihood of consumer complaint is very low. Therefore, on the one hand, fines should be increased to cover this deficiency and on the other hand, it should increase the likelihood of litigation,because the excessive increase in penalties, only increases social costs. For this purpose, instruments such as class action and punitive damages can be used. The process of dealing with business violations also faces serious difficulties. On the one hand, consumer’s argument for filing complaint are limited and on the other hand, they have to file their complaint first with union. An institution that is itself a supporter of business and safeguards its interests and is not entitled to receive any money for its action. Therefore, the law should explicitly require unions to refer the case to the handler authority if a business’s violation be proved-though compromised between the consumer and business.

This research uses a descriptive-analytical approach by field and library methods. 22 sport places were selected in the Shiraz city area and the research process started according to preliminary studies from September 2019. Information was collected using two methods, including location-based GIS by GPS and nonlocation-based methods by referring to the National Statistics Center and then analyzed in ArcGIS. Attribution of Weighting Factors was done with the AHP model in EXPERT CHOSE. Our results according to locationbased analysis showed that among the most of the existing sport places in the area are approximately in 5% relatively inappropriate, 5% moderate condition, 45% relatively appropriate condition, and 45% appropriate condition with regard to adaptation and safety criteria; and with regard to accessibility criteria are approximately in 5% moderate condition, 9% relatively appropriate condition, 86% appropriate condition; and with regard to population density criteria are approximately in 72% inappropriate condition, 23% relatively inappropriate condition, 5% moderate condition; and also according to fuzzy overlap map of appropriate locations accomplished utilizing Geographic Information System GIS by Gamma method 0. 9 for construction applications, about 23% of lands are inappropriate and 38% of lands are moderate and 39% of lands are appropriate. However, a more appropriate locating place requires a proper organizational and management structure, a hierarchy planning and designing activities in line with sustainable standards, such a way that all citizens can use sports facilities and services with spending the least cost and time.

With the significant emergence of economic-livelihood crises from the second half of the 2010s onwards and protests in the country, Teachers have also participated in these demanding in self-motivated street forums. The interesting point in these demands, was desperation and despair towards Guild unions and civil institutions, in the unique conditions that internet social networks have created to organize protests. The main question of the current research is why, in recent years, teachers do not carry out their Guild union Demandings through Guild unions? by using the theory of street politics and by using library and internet resources as well as the field method (Structured interview) and with qualitative and quantitative content analysis method of obtained data, this hypothesis was proposed: the decrease in trust in the functions of Guild unions, their conservatism and the lack of continuous pursuit of Guild union, along with high capacities of mobilization, stimulation and participation of Internet social networks, they have influenced the street and self-motivation of teachers' union demands and the reduction of the role of trade unions in recent years. Therefore, with solutions such as: providing freedom for guild union and institutional activities of teachers, creating arrangements and legal opportunities to deliver demands to the authorities, the need to strengthen legality and belief in the law, the need to continuously follow up demands by trade unions, etc., we can trust the organizations trade union and as a result institutionalized demands were brought back to the society.

Objective This research examines the challenges of forming a trade union in Iranian theater and if this research is not done, theater artist, unlike the previous decades, will still be unaware of their rights in art associations. They can determine their profession as a job (not as seasonal work) and defend their rights. Research Methodology The approach of this qualitative and documentary research is based on labor laws and trade unions and quasi-trade union experiences, and by reviewing and comparing limited laws and theories, the researcher was able to find solutions to identify the employer and the legal personality of the theater artist according to internal experiences. Findings The findings of this research state that the official occupation of the theater as an employee or worker is not defined according to the national employment and the social security laws, and the theater artist as a professional and freelancer is assigned by the government's cultural institution (Ministry of Guidance) to the insurance organization. Social worker is introduced to enjoy the basic insurance of social security, but no other rights and benefits have been awarded to him. Due to the lack of definition of the official job of theater according to Iran's labor law, so far no universal trade association and practical job services for theater artists have been established, and thus, theater artists do not have the support of the trade union, insurance and protection of the labor law. In Iran, based on the solutions of the world theater trade union, the most important of which is independence from the government, income generation, and the right to freedom of protest and strike, there is no theater trade union, because the labor and employment laws and the labor and employer organizations of Iran and the world in terms of function, license, and service delivery , are different from each other. That is why theater quasi-unions are formed with the purpose of union work and in the form of the cultural-artistic association, and they lack the basics of union work, which is the determination of the role of the employer and worker and the labor contract. Due to the lack of a legal mechanism governing the identity of workers and artistic employers, Iranian theater artists do not have full health and pension insurance, unemployment insurance, pension rights and job protection because their job is not registered in the labor law and they do not have an employer. According to the law approved by the Islamic Council, a worker can benefit from occupational pension and insurance services if he has a certain income, a work contract and an employer. For this reason, in the system of the social security organization, it is defined as a free profession and occupation, which is called "professionals and free occupations" in the legal definition; Like drivers and carpet weavers who pay the major part of the insurance themselves. The lack of an employer in the theater has caused the employer's contribution to the Social Security Organization not to be paid, and unemployment insurance, retirement benefits, and full labor insurance for artists are not formed. The social security insurance for artists, though limited, is established for professional theater people, while non-professional theater people and artists who work independently and are not members of theater institutions, do not enjoy the same incomplete insurance of artists, and their number is tens of thousands; From students and graduates of theater, to whom 2000 people are added every year, to experimental amateur artists and independent professional artists without government or association affiliation.  The problem is that the same insurance for artists does not include all artists and those who are insured do not enjoy all insurance and public pension services, and in addition to these inadequacies, the stagnant record before joining a theater organization is also lost, and all this is the result of third-party management. The big theater, the lack of economic mechanism in the theater and ultimately the lack of formation of an official and independent union was due to the lack of the employer's role. In the theater of the world, theater guilds play the role of patrons, but they are not employers, but with legal means, they receive the artist's rights from the employer and support him when he is unemployed. Therefore, the employer has the main role in the labor rights process and the trade unions have a supporting role with their independence. In Iran, there is a deficiency on both sides of this process, because the temporary employer (theatre or director) is not required to pay salaries, and there is no official and independent guild to support the artist. For this reason, the government has entered into trade union activity and supervises the artistic work by paying subsidies to artists. In fact, the government is not the employer and does not pay the employer's salary, but by paying a subsidy to a part of the artists, it has a supervisory role over all. The question is why during the past decades, why has not an employer been created for the theater so that a legal job can be formed and its guilds grow?  The answer to this question is related to the theater's income, economy and disorderly management. In a theater where the artist lives on a government subsidy and according to the statistics of the General Department of Performing Arts of the government, most of the performances are bankrupt, there is no possibility for the formation of a legal relationship between the employer and the worker and the union. It is in such conditions that pseudo-unions are formed for the social presence of artists; Institutions that have the goal of trade union work but do not find the legal and occupational possibility of trade union work based on what was said. Discussion & Conclusion As a result of this research, for the first time after the beginning of professional theater in Iran, the challenges of forming a trade union in Iranian theater are identified: Failure to identify the legal roles of the employer and the worker (the person who works) in the theater; Lack of union independence and dependence on the government; Lack of union concentration in one institution; The impossibility of economic work and income generation in existing trade union laws; Disconformity of legal and service guilds with theater guilds of the world; Incomplete medical and pension insurances for artists; Lack of unemployment and accident insurance; The mass birth of government guilds and quasi-art guilds, instead of an official and united and universal guild; Lack of historical transition of guild and syndicate in theater and small and scattered guild experiences; Lack of trade union knowledge and trade union management among artists; The government's involvement in the formation and licensing and trade union supervision; Lack of permission for unions to cooperate with the people and to benefit from the economic power of the people for the members of the union; Lack of research in this field; Failure to inform artists about trade union rights

Guilds have played a key role in the country's economic cycle, and their activities are vital to the added value of industry and mining. The importance of guilds as small and medium enterprises in creating employment, creating added value and improving the distribution system of goods and services in the country is significant and therefore it seems necessary to organize and provide appropriate solutions. Therefore, in this research, the strategies for organizing guilds in Ardabil province have been studied and these strategies have been ranked according to the degree of importance. For this purpose, a sample of 384 experts, members and experts in the field of guilds was selected by simple random sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by experts in this field and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). According to the research results, at a significant level of 5%, macroeconomic factors and business environment in the country have a significant effect on the organization of guilds in Ardabil province. Also, at a significance level of 5%, there can be a positive and significant impact on the specific factors of the province (such as accelerating the issuance of activity licenses and business licenses in the province, granting tax incentives and discounts for trades and occupations, increasing the expertise and skills of manpower through guild training in the province). Supervised the activities of guilds and fines of unlicensed guilds in the province and the cooperation and participation of other bodies (including municipalities, inspection organization, etc. with the Mining Industry and Trade Organization) on the organization of guilds in Ardabil province. In addition, in order to determine the importance of existing strategies for organizing guilds in Ardabil province, Friedman test is used and the uniformity of the average effect of guilds organizing strategies in Ardabil province is rejected at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, it can be said that in terms of importance and effectiveness, there is a significant difference between the impacts of guild organizing strategies in Ardabil province.

An architectural work is a chain linking political, cultural, and societal components of each era. The architect, supporters and founders, supervisors, and conventional and religious rules and regulations can have their own influence on a work. The social history is a branch of history which can examine these issues along with the role of groups in the process of creating an architectural work. Adopting such an approach to assess the Iranian Islamic architecture, in this article we address Ilkhanid era and its texts to discover architects’ social status and architects’ guild in this era as well as the degree of autonomy of their supervisors, supporters and founders. The findings of this study revealed four groups of architects in different social statuses, supervision, and extended latitude held by municipal officers of architects’ guild and urban construction plus a vast range of public and governmental supporters and founders with diverse social statuses.

Teachers' political-guild action during 2020s can be considered a grindstone and a new phase of teachers' political-guild action in contemporary history of Iran. This action is not only and typically differentiated with teachers' political-guild action over last decades, but, is also distinguished in respect of formality, stratification, comprehension, participation and continuity from other guilds' protest action such as labors, truckers, mines etc. The key point is that this action like any other guilds' action has faced some challenges when attempted to achieve its' professional and public aims. Thereby, this survey leads not only to recognizing challenges and obstacles of teachers' guild action but also recognizing and eradicating the challenges and obstacles of other guilds' action through a comparing study. Accordingly, the basic question is "which challenges of teachers' political-guild action has been the most important challenges during 2020s'? In response, this survey, which has conducted through library and semi-structured interview methods of data acquisition, has hypothesized that teachers have three inner challenges (interest conflict, association disability and the lack of cohered strategy) and three outer challenges (policy inefficiency, policy-makers' lack of optimism and international environment) regarding their political-guild action. By analyzing quantitative data (through average measurement and frequency percent) and qualitative data (through prominence technique), this survey has proved that the policy-making inefficiency and the disability of practical-theoretical strategy, respectively, have the most influence and international environment has the least influence among challenging parameters.